Conflict in Organization

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Conflict management refers on the way how we approach the other party in a conflict situation. There are main structural approaches such as emphasizing superordinate goals, reducing differentiation, improving communication and understanding, reducing task independence, increasing resources, and clarifying rules and procedures. Emphasizing Supeordinate Goals The first way to resolve the conflict is to seek and find the common goals. The emphasizing superordinate goals are common objectives held by conflicting parties that are more important than the department or individual goals on which the conflict is based.If the commitments to corporate wide goals increase, the employees will pay less attention to competing individual or departmental-level goals. So, it reduces their perceived conflict with co-workers. Besides that, they also can reduce the problem of incompatibility and differentiation by establishing a common frame of reference. For example, the most effecti ve executive teams frame their decision as superordinate goals that arise above each executive’s departmental or divisional goals. Reducing DifferentiationBesides that, another way for resolving conflict is to remove the sources of different values and beliefs that produce the conflict in the first place. When the employees think they have same backgrounds or experience with other workers, they will be more motivated to coordinate their activities and resolve the conflict. For example, move the employees to different jobs so that they come to depend on each others. Improving Communication and Understanding The third way to minimize the conflict involves by giving the conflict parties more opportunities to communicate and understand each other. By aving the good communication, the employees can understand and appreciate each other’s views and opinions. It relates to contact hypothesis which is the more meaningful interaction we have with someone, the less we rely on ste reotypes to understand that person. There are two warnings. First, apply communication or understanding after reducing differentiation. For example, when we interact with people who are quite different and have conflict with us, we tend to select information that reinforces that view. So, communication and understanding interventions are most effective when differentiation is sufficiently low.Second, people in collectivist and high power distance cultures are less comfortable with the practice of resolving differences through open communication. People in Confucian cultures prefer an avoidance conflict management style since it is consistent with face saving and harmony. Furthermore, direct communication is high-risk because it threatens the harmony easily. Reducing Interdependence Another way to minimize dysfunctional conflict may involve reducing the level of interdependence between the parties. It can occur by dividing the shared sources so that each party has exclusive use part of it in different times.Sequentially, interdependence task may be combined so that they can form a pooled or shared interdependence. Furthermore, buffers also can help to reduce the interdependence level among people. It includes resources such as more inventories could be added between people who perform sequential tasks. The organizations use human buffers as people who serve as intermediaries between interdependent people or work units that do not get along through direct interaction. Increasing Resources The dysfunctional conflict also can be reduced by increasing the amount of resource available.It also refers by duplicating the resources so that can minimize the conflict. Corporate decision makers might dismiss this solution quickly because of the costs involved. Nevertheless, these costs with the costs of dysfunctional conflict that arise out of resource scarcity must be compared carefully. Clarifying Rules and Procedures Conflicts that arise from unclear and ambiguous can b e resolved through establishing rules and procedures. This strategy has been applied by Armstrong World Industries, Inc. , when consultants and information system employees clashed while working together on development of a client-server network.Moreover, the rules establish the changes of interdependence. For example, employee’s work hours or a supplier’s order fulfillment. RESOLVING CONFLICT THROUGH NEGOTIATION Negotiation is the process whereby two or more conflicting parties attempt to resolve their divergent goals by redefining the terms of their interdependence. In the other meaning, people negotiate when discussion can meet satisfaction and resolution in their exchange of goods and services. For example, the employees negotiate with supervisors over next month’s work assignment. Bargaining Zone Model of NegotiationsBargaining zone means the process of negotiation moves each party along a continuum an area of potential overlap. It can be applied to situati ons in which both sides potentially gain from the negotiations. There are three main points of this model. First, the initial-offer point is the team’s opening offer to the other party. Second, the target point is the team’s realistic goal or expectation for a final agreement. Third, the resistance point is the point beyond which the team will not make further concessions. Negotiation begins with describing the initial-offer point for each item on the plan.Besides that, in the win-lose situations, neither the target nor resistance point is revealed to the other party. If the parties have a win-win situation, the objective is to find a creative solution that keeps both parties close to their initial-offer points. Situational Influences on Negotiations Both the situation and the behaviors of negotiators are the effectiveness of negotiating. There are four important situational factors such as location, physical setting, time and audience. First, location is easier to neg otiate as we are common with the negotiating environment and are able to maintain comfortable routines.It is also no need to depend on others for resources during negotiation. Second, the physical distance between the parties and formality of the setting can influence their orientation with each other. Sometimes, people who sit face-to-face tend to develop a win-lose orientation toward the situation. Third, the longer time in negotiations can lead to stronger commitment in reaching a solution. For example, the more time people put in negotiation, the stronger the tendency to make unwarranted concessions. So that, the negotiation is going to be succeed.Time deadlines are a liability in negotiation which it is useful to motivate people to complete it. Lastly, most negotiators have the audiences. They can be anyone that is interested in the negotiation outcomes. For examples are executives, other team members, or general public. The negotiators tend to be more competitive and less will ing to make concessions when the audience has the direct observation towards the proceedings. Negotiator Skills The negotiator skills are important in resolving conflict arise. Four of most important skills are setting goals, gathering information, communicating effectively, and making concessions.Firstly, negotiators should prepare for the negotiation and set goals. They also should think carefully through their initial-offer, target and resistance points. If the negotiation fails, they need to consider alternative strategies. Besides that, they need to check their underlying assumptions as well as goods and values. Secondly, in order to gather the information, negotiators should spend more time listening to the other party and asking the details. Thirdly, effective negotiators communicate in a way to maintain strong relationships between parties. They also will avoid irritating statements.Furthermore, they are masters of persuasion so that it is accepted by others. Lastly, making concessions are important because they enable the parties to move toward the area of potential agreement, symbolize each party’s motivation to bargain in good faith, and tell others about the importance of negotiating items. THIRD-PARTY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Third-party conflict resolution is any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences. Procedural fairness is important when the third party makes a binding decision to resolve the dispute.There are three types of third-party resolution activities, which are arbitration, inquisition, and mediation. Arbitration is the final stage of grievances by unionized employees, and is becoming more common in nonunion conflicts. The arbitrators have high control over the final decision but low control over process. They will decide the outcome of a dispute between two parties. Besides that, executives engage in this strategy by following previous agreed-on-rules of due process, making a binding deci sion and listening to arguments from the dispute parties.Inquisitors control all discussion about the conflict and choose the form of conflict resolution. They have high decision control and high process control. They generally the conflict resolution process and enforce a resolution that they perceive to be the most appropriate. There are important ways to limit the collaborative problem solving process. First, they generally operate on assumptions of the problem and the relevant information in solving the problem. Second, they limit the information that they gather to the information they specifically request from disputants. As a result, inquisitors make quick decisions to resolve conflicts.Mediators have high control over the intervention process. Their main purpose is to manage the process and context of interaction between the dispute parties. However, the parties make the final decision about how to resolve their differences. So, mediators have little or no control over the c onflict resolution decision. There are several things mediators need to do to increase the likelihood of successful mediation such as suggest alternatives, prepare to invest time and effort, and insist on a detailed action plan. On the other hand, the mediation is hard work and time consuming. CHOOSING THE BEST THIRD-PARTY INTERVENTION STRATEGYResearch suggests that people in positions of authority usually adopt an inquisitional approach which is they dominate the intervention process as making a binding decision. The inquisition approach is preferred by manager because it is consistent with the decision-oriented nature of managerial jobs, tends to resolve the disputes efficiently, and gives them control over the conflict process and outcome. Conversely, this approach is usually least effective in organizational settings. The problem is leaders who take in an inquisitional role be likely to collect the limited information about the problem.Besides that, the employees often view inqu isitional procedures and outcomes as unfair. The most appropriate of third-party resolution in organizations depends on the situation such as the type of disputes, the culture values and the relationship between the managers and employees. However in general speaking, the mediation approach is the best because it gives employees more responsibility for resolving their own disputes. It also offers the highest level of employee satisfaction with the conflict process and outcome. References http://www. wright. edu/~scott. williams/LeaderLetter/mediation. htm

Entertainment and Communication Essay

As an avenue of entertainment and communication, and as a research and reference tool, the internet has had a huge impact on the modern societies of developed nations. At the same time, there is concern that the disadvantages and negative influences may outweigh the benefits to the society. This essay argues that, in the last decade, the advantages of the internet far outweigh the disadvantages. This claim is addressed with the support of current authoritative sources which provide the framework for making such a claim. This essay first explores the effect of the internet on the social structures of family life, and religious and spiritual practice. Subsequently, this essay examines the repercussions of the internet on national cultural identity and multiculturalism. Firstly, in the last ten years, modern family life has been enhanced by developments in technology, and the internet is no exception. The advent of the internet affords parents the opportunity to use the World Wide Web to work from home, removing the need to place pre-school age children in day care centres in the care of strangers and so reinforcing the family unit (Jenkins 2010). However, the benefits of the internet not only have implications for immediate family; members of the extended family can overcome the barriers of time or distance to remain close through such channels as email or social networking sites, for example Facebook. Despite this, Fenech (2007) asserts that the internet has eroded some aspects of family life. Where previous generations may have forsaken dinner conversation in order to watch television together, the practical dimensions of a laptop screen now preclude this act of â€Å"togetherness† (p342). Nevertheless, any avenue that generally allows more opportunity for contact between members of an immediate or extended family has to be seen as advantageous. Moreover, the internet allows a sense of inclusion that goes beyond the family sphere. Secondly, due to the increasing accessibility of the internet in the last ten years, participating in a religion no longer necessarily depends on a person’s ability to attend a place of worship. The virtual ‘congregation’ may offer a person more opportunities of interaction with both the spiritual leader and other devotees by providing facilities such as blogs, chat rooms and video links. Moreover, this creates a sense of belonging to a religious or spiritual community where one may have not existed before, as more and more people commute, work longer hours and, indeed, are required to work on public holidays, which often coincide with religious festivals (Wong 2009). Though Goldstein (2008) ascertains that the flagrant consumerism promoted through such mass media outlets as the internet is responsible for a turn away from religious practices and a rapid decline in religious service attendance, her research focuses solely on, Christianity, Judaism and Islam and is not inclusive of growing sects such as Jews For Jesus and alternative religions such as The Baha’i Faith. Groups such as these use the internet to unite their followers globally (Wong 2009).What is more, the internet is uniting people on a more personal and intimate level. Thirdly, the internet offers the opportunity to maintain cultural ties with one’s country even when living abroad for work purposes. Expatriates can view electronic versions of newspapers, stream and download news, current affairs programmes and local dramas from their country of origin, so keeping in contact with the culture. It could be argued, as Azhad (2008) does, that this process could be facilitated just as easily by print media and DVD recordings being sent through the mail, as would have been the norm a decade ago. Nonetheless, it is the ‘live’ experience of being able to access news from home â€Å"as it happens† that reinforces a national’s ties to the home culture, and simulates a feeling of â€Å"being there† (Olsten 2008 p.6). This connectedness to home alleviates feelings an expatriate might have of dislocation or alienation from their countrymen, as ‘real time’ exposure to the home vernacular creates common reference points, making communication a much smoother process (Wong 2009). Equally, other facilities afforded by the internet, such as Skype, enable someone away from home to still have a presence in the home country as they participate in the celebration of cultural festivals and national holidays, thus reinforcing their commitment  to nationalism in the eyes of their compatriots and tightening the ties that bind. Alternatively, just as the internet serves to strengthen national identity, it can also provide a point of reference for those who live in a multicultural context. Finally, in a globalised world, the last ten years have seen the internet augment a multicultural society by creating a venue to air diverse cultural opinions and to construct diverse cultural identities. Mainstream newspapers, radio and current affairs programmes are representative of a perceived norm and do not reflect the complexity of a multicultural society. In turn, ethnocentric or non-mainstream media reach a narrowly targeted audience and serve to further ghettoize â€Å"the other† (Zadrow 2010 p.11). The internet thus provides the opportunity for any voice to be heard alongside and equally with all other voices in the country, community, or indeed, the world. In this way the internet equips the global citizen with a fluidity they can use to exist and interact both globally and locally, rather than being confined to a fixed and marginalised identity. Notwithstanding the fact that the internet is English based and broadly advocates a western lifestyle, this does not necessarily mean it must lead to a homogenized world. Citing the research of Kennard, Zadrow (2010) maintains that the internet acts as an interactive archive from which an individual can draw all the elements to both create and, more importantly, preserve cultural identity. In conclusion, this essay explored the effect of the internet on people’s lives in the last decade and found that the advantages of the internet far overshadow the disadvantages. It found the internet has had positive effects on family life, allowing the hands on parenting of pre-school children by those parents who are able to use the internet to work from home. In addition, it has reinforced the extended family by harnessing email and social networking sites as a means to stay in direct contact. Furthermore, blogs, chat rooms and video links have offered an alternative to attendance at religious services, which have suffered such rapid decline in recent times. Another positive effect of the internet is its ability to re-assert national identity, particularly for those living abroad, as they retain  remote access to the home culture by being able to download or stream current affairs or local drama. Finally, the internet enhances multiculturalism by offering an alternative to mainstream media representations of the norm to those who identify as ‘the other’. Arguments which support the negative impact of the internet on people’s lives in the 21st century focus on very narrow aspects and fail to acknowledge the broad range of benefits the internet has borne on contemporary society. References Azhad, S 2008, ‘Is digital dumbing us down?’, Journal of Australian Initiative, vol. 20, no.1, pp.5-7, viewed 30 October 2011, via JSTOR. Fenech, P 2007, Western culture: its psyche and the internet, Hobson Press, New York. Goldstein, R 2008, ‘The last person to leave heaven: a study of the impact of new millennium consumerism on traditional religious practices’, Journal of Critical and Cultural Research, vol.2, no.3, pp. 9-18, viewed 30 October 2011. http://www.prb.australasia.com/content/documents/JCCR%23.pdf Jenkins, M 2010, ‘Earn $$$ from your home: the domestic revolution in e-com industry’, Women’s Business Today, vol.8, no.2, pp.120-127, viewed 28 September, via Sage. Olsten, H 2008, ‘Broadsheets online good news for expats’, The Weekend Australian, viewed 2 September 2011, via Newsbank. Wong, Z 2009, ‘Why kneel when you can click!’ paper presented to the 7th International Conference on Digital Religion, Southern Cross University. Lismore, NSW, 28 to 31 July. Zadrow, K 2010, The well in the mirror: theories of subjectivity in the digital age, Elliott McGill Ltd, viewed 28 July 2011, via Ovid eBooks.

Managerial Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Managerial Competencies - Essay Example Therefore, the following discussion would encompass the findings and their implications relating to managerial competencies and their implications upon effectively performing different managerial roles along with responsibilities. Communication Competency In accordance with the Experiential Exercise Self-Assessment Inventory, the communication competency can be apparently observed as above average. It has been found from the assessment that the negotiation and the internal communication dimension is above average which facilitated me to effectively transfer as well as exchange valuable information to other individuals. In this regard, it can be affirmed that I should highly focus on improving the formal communication skill in order to efficiently communicate and exchange valuable information to each individual. Planning and Administration Competency The Experiential Exercise of the self-assessment process has clearly depicted that I possess better knowledge in gathering valuable info rmation, analyzing different problems and adopting quick decisions. Therefore, the aforesaid aspects would enable me to effectively monitor the information in accordance with their relevance concerning any ongoing activity. ... imensions in the teamwork competency such as creating supportive environment and managing team dynamics, certain major deficiencies can be a major constraint in enhancing my managerial skill. Therefore, I have to significantly focus on improving my competency based upon the aforesaid critical aspects. Strategic Action Competency According to the observation of self-assessment process, it can be viewed that I m quite weak in this particular characteristic. I have moderate knowledge about the industry along with an average understanding about the actions performed by the strategic partners and rivals within the industry. Therefore, I should need to focus on increasing the knowledge as well as the understanding of the industry which can in turn enable me to obtain effective decisions and identify the competitive position within the respective industry. Multicultural Competency The multicultural competency significantly defines the cultural knowledge and understanding. With regard to the self-assessment process, it can also be stated that significant deficiency of understanding about the impact of global events on the organization and little experience concerning the linguistic knowledge can be regarded as my major weaknesses that might negatively impact in gaining superior competitive position. Therefore, I need to highly focus on increasing the multicultural competency which in turn can enable me to gain substantial knowledge with the growing trend of the global business environment. Self-Management Competency With regard to the self-management competency, it has been viewed that I am above average in this particular characteristic. In accordance with the self-assessment process, it can be viewed that I possess adequate knowledge as well as experience about the integrity

Female Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Female Economy - Essay Example Research suggests that private wealth in America is most likely to grow by sixty percent in the year 2020 (Silverstein & Sayre, 48, 2009). It also suggests that fifty percent of this wealth would go to women. Although women have contributed positively in several fields, yet they experience discrimination and are often underestimated. They are often labeled, differentiated on basis of age or salary, characterized on basis of typical women concept or are incompetent as compared to men. This paper seeks to analyze the issue of gender differentiation and discrimination in the business domain in the lights of broad and diverse academic resources. Frequently, women are discriminated and often underestimated because of several reasons including chauvinist viewpoints, opposing and clashing policies, stereotyped, discrimination on basis of age, etc. Frequently, they are considered to be incompetent as compared to their male counterparts. Research suggests that in financial institutions, women are most likely to experience such characterizations and differentiations (Silverstein & Sayre, 52, 2009). Females in the financial industry and its institutions have made massive attempts and struggles in order to advance in their careers. However, it should be noted that women in the financial domain have the necessary education as well as the experience, yet they do not get promotions because of constant stereotype, labeling and the general culture of the corporate. Research suggests that women employed in financial services are often underestimated and their supervisors and colleagues often talk to them as if they do not have the basic knowledge on the subject. Company Profile Dresdner Kleinwort was founded in the year 1995. During this time, Kleinwort Benson had been acquired by the Dresdner Bank. Additionally, it gained global recognition by means of "the acquisition of the US investment bank Wasserstein Perella in the year 2001" (Christopher, 107, 2010). Its branch in Frankfurt has been successful in commencement of "trade in emission credits" (Christopher, 107, 2010). However, in the year 2008, the company experienced downfall when it's Mergers and Acquisition Department was shut in the year 2008 by Commerzbank. In the year 2009, its office in Japan was shut down. The management of Commerzbank asserted that no additional benefits or bonuses would be given to the Commerzbank group including Dresdner Kleinwort" (Christopher, 108, 2010). In the year 2010, six female employees of Dresdner Kleinwort filed a case against the investment bank because of gender discrimination and differentiation. The case was filed because they did not receive promotions and th eir pay was less as compared to their male counterparts. The case was filed because its female employees were treated as second-class workers. A study conducted in United States demonstrated that more than seventy percent of top management positions were occupied by white males in finance and banking industry. Analysis Environment Dresdner Kleinwort is considered to be a medium sized banking firm, which offers several diverse services and products related to finance. The services which it provides include "capital market products, foreign exchange derivatives and options, loans, collateralized

Death and Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Death and Hamlet - Essay Example The leading hero of the play Prince Hamlet is equally famous for his influential dialogues and impressive performance. He is undeniably one of the most interesting dramatic characters ever created by Shakespeare or any other dramatist. His character is very deep and has a lot of intensity which explains why many dimensions of his personality have been frenetically analyzed by critics to date. An in-depth analysis of Hamlet’s character speaks of the fact that he is a tough man who is not really afraid of the horrors of death. Hamlet in association with the theme of death forms a very interesting subject to be analyzed because it has a lot of intensity to it. Scrutinizing this character in reference to death can unravel many important aspects of the story also. The purpose of this essay is also to explore Hamlet’s relationship with and attitudes towards death throughout the play. Death is a highly pronounced theme of this Shakespearean tragedy and it is quite interesting how it influences Hamlet from the very start of the play. Hamlet’s relationship with death is described as very extraordinary by Bloom (400) who suggests that as soon as the news of his father’s death reaches Hamlet, he becomes literally obsessed with the idea of death. This obsession is evident in the firm belief he develops in his father’s ghost right from the start which is revealed to him by his friend Horatio. Before killing Claudius, he is passionate about finding about the reality of ghosts to know if they really live in the world after death of a person or not. He analyzes the idea of death from many perspectives which shows how weirdly fascinated he becomes with it after his father’s murder. The news of his father’s tragic demise totally transforms Hamlet as a person and instead of focusing on other things, he develops a fascination for death. When he considers the idea of ghosts and explores it, he analyzes death from a spiritual perspect ive. He is determined to find answers to his questions and death seems to be the absolute answer. He also sees death as a solution to his emotional and psychological problems. It is not just death of other characters like Claudius but his own death also which compels Hamlet to think long and hard. Several times he contemplates the idea of suicide to get free from the pressures of the real world which weigh down on him in a very tragic manner. He gives suicide a serious through for the first time when he says, â€Å"O that this too too solid flesh would melt, / Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew!† (I.ii.129-30). This is a very important dialogue because here Hamlet expresses his desire for death. He wishes his flesh would just melt and transform into dew after thawing itself because he does not want to live and is intrigued what will happen after death like if he will transform into a ghost and reunite with his father’s ghost. Then when he says, â€Å"Or that the Ever lasting had not fix’d / His canon ’gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God!† (I.ii.131-32), he desperately wishes God had not called self-slaughter (suicide) a sin. Actually, the notion of suicide also does not sit well with Hamlet’s religious views. Despite his vengeance and longing for death, Hamlet is a good Christian and fears that suicide will subject him to eternal suffering in hell. He admits that suicide is not morally right, but still longs for it. This leads him to a catch-22 situation and extreme dissonance envelops him consequently. In a state of acute distress, he concludes that no one will wish to continue living if one is not afraid of what awaits after death. But, he fears the promise of eternal punishment in hell for people who commit suicide and it is this fear, not of death but of what comes after, which interferes

7 Separate annotated bibligraphy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

7 Separate annotated bibligraphy - Essay Example Globalization, Dirlik argues, is not simply global integration, as suggested by its economistic ideologues and interpreters, but a new mode of fragmentation and of comprehending the world. It is therefore necessary to critically consider the historical relationship between globalization as a new beginning in breaking down old hegemonies and as the ultimate victory of capitalist modernity. He concludes that whilst globalization is best understood historically, it also has produced new ways of looking at history, and that there is a need to write world history in non-Eurocentric ways and to understand globalization from two different historical perspectives. Ikenberry shows the linked history, present, and future questions between American hegemony and open economic markets characteristic of globalization. Whilst this is not surprising since â€Å"economic relationships always bear the imprint of powerful states†, what is admirable is how America successfully utilised its political and economic interests and the tools – building institutions, managing monetary policy, and forging security alliances – to open the world economy. Ikenberry attributes hegemonic success to political and economic leadership that allowed America to resist temptations of protectionism, colonialism and isolationism. Global domination and leadership, by allowing America’s political-economic partners to prosper, assured security and economic prosperity despite distractions of domestic politics and international security. This strategic interdependence amongst America’s allies, in Europe and Japan, led to winning the Cold War. In answer, Ikenberry proposes two questions: first, how important is stable and non-competitive great power relations; and second, America’s willingness, as the world’s only superpower, to underwrite global

Employment law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employment law - Essay Example 54). Question one The basic aim of labor law in all nations is to make provisions of obligation and rights to employees and employers to ensure that the mediation between the two parties is excellent. This ensures that the relations between these parties are respected, and the contract is completed is competed in good terms. The terms also play a part in ensuring that duties are executed with proficiency because no pressure is exerted. Most of these terms are put in place by relevant bodies to ensure that the legislation is honored. Road construction companies owned by Chinese and Russians are most hit by violation of labor law. The companies win most of road construction contracts in Africa. This is because their tender is low in reference to other construction companies with the same capability. These companies accept tenders under low cost, and in return they suppress their employees. This has been reported in many nations especially in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda (Duddington, 200 7, p. 36). It is quite undesirable to see young energetic, employees struggle from 6am to 10pm just to have a pay daily pay of $2.5. In reference to prevailing economy in the region, the sum can just be used to purchase their daily bread and transport. The families cannot afford taking their children in schools offering quality education, and this perpetuates poverty cycle. These constructs cost billion of shillings, yet they hardly play a part in developing societies’ living standards of living. Their scope is difficult, and has long working hours. Treatment is poor as well; they provide themselves with food, shelter, and clothing. The reason behind this exploitation is that these are developing nations. Therefore, the firms take advantage of the situation because of availability of cheap labor. Illiteracy level is also high which lead to many individuals willing to work under such poor conditions. This issue would be best addressed through international labor laws. They sho uld ensure that foreign companies remunerate their workers in reference to prevailing economy as well as cost of the contract. Governments should also work hard to protect the rights of its citizen. Question two Knights of labor Knights of labor of labor are one of the significant American labor organizations in 1880s. They were founded by Terence Powderly. They targeted uplifting cultural and social workingmen, radicalism, and rejected socialisms. They also fought for six working hours and promoted the republicans who enhanced working ethics. In the beginning, it acted as a labor union where it aimed at negotiating for employees; it did not rise to recognition. After its sudden growth in early 1880s, it later lost it members and turned out being a small organization. It was very efficient in fighting for the rights of its member, and in 1986, it had over 700,000 members. At this time, its voice was material and could influence big decisions. But in the next three years, it lost all its members from poor management (Duddington, 2007, p. 115). The organization worked hard in bringing women and black employees to equality. This is one of the reasons that had participated to its growth. It was also swift in fighting for their rights by ensuring that ward was by merit. Its roots were firm in the south, which later influenced the north to acceptance in the north (Malcolm, 2008, p. 23). American federation of labor This is among the first labor unions in

Analysis of rights and obligations of a citizen and a State towards Essay

Analysis of rights and obligations of a citizen and a State towards each other - Essay Example Put it in simpler terms, how can the State be subject to the legal order whereas the State is the authority from which the legal order originates? In the real sense, there are no obligations and rights of the State in the same sense as of obligations and rights of citizens. That a citizen has obligations and rights means that certain legal effects are attached to his behaviour. Therefore, the legal order cannot impose obligations and confer rights upon the State. The difficulty of conceiving obligations and rights of the state should not be misconstrued to mean that the law-creating power cannot be subjected to law (Isin et al, 86). This paper analyzes the duties of the State to its citizens as well as the obligations and rights of the citizens. While analyzing the obligations and rights of the State, it attributes to the State or those human actions which constitute the contents of these obligations and rights. Generally, the obligations and rights of the State are a definition of the obligations and rights of State organs. These are obligations and rights of individuals who by law are considered as state organs, and they are required to carry out specific functions as stipulated by the legal order. It is this function that forms the content of an obligation by the State organ. If the function is not executed, the individuals who are themselves the State organs are liable to a sanction (Xenos, 218). Furthermore, the obligation of the State to its citizens does not refer to actions or omissions which have the character of an offense against the law. An offence which is a violation of the national legal order cannot be construed as an offence of the State. However, an offense which is in contravention of international law, c ane be imputed to the State, in the same manner which an offense of national law can be attributed to any other juristic person within the national legal order. Nevertheless, the State has a duty to repair the wrong which involves the

Business Analysis and Corporate Strategy of BP GROUP PLC Essay

Business Analysis and Corporate Strategy of BP GROUP PLC - Essay Example The customers had a high bargaining power in regard to petroleum products. The buyers of BP products are always price sensitive hence the company has always ensured the prices are relative low to maintain them. The bargaining power of the supplier is low in regard to BP Group Plc since the suppliers of petroleum products are few in number. The bargaining power of the supplier is also low because there is availability of suitable substitute products similar to those supplied by BP. There are other petroleum company that produces petroleum products similar to those produced by BP thereby making the bargaining power of the supplier very low. 1 The bargaining power of the buyers of petroleum products is quite higher is high since the buyers are many in number. The buyers purchase a large potion of an industry's total output and a significant potion of a supplier's annual revenue. There is a clear revelation that revenues of the company have been increasing since 2000 since the company's turnover in 2000 was less that 100 billion and in year 2005 they were over 150 billions. 2 The company has significant strengths in regard to brand name. ... Their production accounts to three percent of gasoline supply in the US. Another company's strength can be seen where BP is ranked to be the leading company in sale and distribution of solar panels. This resulted after acquiring Lucas Energy Systems and Solarex in 1980 and 2000 respectively. On the sale of photovoltaic, BP had a world market share of twenty percent in 2004 after producing 90 mega watts of solar panels. This ranking increased BP's brand loyalty hence to the advantage of the company as the sales increase drastically. Since 2000, BP Company has been eager to embrace new technology in their product. They have always ensured that their products are integrated to suit their customers' tastes and preference. This opportunity has ensured that the company is produces world class products thereby increasing their market share. BP Company has had a number of threats in terms of competition. Since year 2000, there have been a number of new companies that have been established that deal with petroleum products. This competition is a threat to the growth of BP company hence for them to prevail in the market they have to ensure they use their market strategies properly. The opportunity of BP Company is seen where the company merged with Amoco Company. The company took the merger advantage as it was able to produce other products that included solar panels. The solar panel were produced when Lucas Energy Systems and Solarex were acquired by BP in Amoco acquisition. By increasing the number of product the company dealt with, the company ensure that if the market share is low for one product, it might be high for the other products. This ensures that the company's sales will always be high

Moral Dilemmas Essay Example for Free

Moral Dilemmas Essay Moral Dilemmas, Moral Strategies, and the Transformation of Gender Lessons from Two Generations of Work and Family Change Women seek personal development by caring for others and men care for others by sharing the rewards of independent achievement are the traditional social norm in the 20th century. In the 21st century, people started to question whether women and men should really be separated into two distinct, opposed and unchanging moral categories. Women and men now have conflicts and tensions between family and work, public and private, autonomy and commitment, for these, gender dichotomy cannot be used to solve as in the past. Undoubtedly, gender dichotomy in moral orientation can resolve the universal tension to certain extent, but it is only prescriptive rather than descriptive. Gender is a social institution rather than an inherent trait and it is now transforming. Women now seek self-sufficiency economically and socially, they seek personal and social commitment outside the home, while men’s breadwinning role and obligation to support women and children diminish. Women and men are now facing socially structured moral dilemma. Investigating how the new generation thinks, the interview reveals that the young generation believes that it is difficult to keep a relationship with balanced autonomy and commitment. They believed that it is not morally wrong to end the relationship if the two do not get along well. Ending the relationship would be better than keeping a bad relationship, not only to the couple, but also to their children. Also, they appreciated their mothers if they work and think that both women and men should care for the family both financially and emotionally. As it seems difficult to apportion moral labor by gender-neutral strategies, women and men diverge in their opinion in gender role. Men prefer the Neotraditionalism, that is, the couple share the breadwinning but the women have to place family first, but this collide with what the women long for, autonomy before commitment, and they want to be economically independent. In my opinion, this gender transformation has significant importance to people in the 21st century, especially to women. In the past, because of the gender dichotomy, women are restrained from work and are expected to stay at home to manage the household, e. g. look after the children, do the household chores, they have to devote all their time to the family and have to give up their dreams, even if they are talented or have potential in some fields, they do not have the opportunity to explore into their careers. Also, they have to be tolerant to the household violence just because they are economically dependent and they rely on their husbands for living. They do not have the working ability because they have spent most of their time in the family and they have already been detached from the outside work society. It is also difficult for them to find jobs because of the social and cultural environment that do not encourage women working. As a result, women are trapped in the marriage for their whole life. On the other hand, the traditional gender dichotomy does not only give disadvantages to the women, men also suffer from that. Men are the sole breadwinner in the family and they have to bear the pressure to earn the living for the whole family. Because they have to work hard to support the family financially, always with long working hours, they may not have time to care for their children. They have less time and opportunity to communicate with the children and build good relationships with them. Men have no choice but to sacrifice the time with their family. Now, we are lucky that the gender difference is getting smaller and the moral obligation for men and women are not so obviously divided. Though there are still structural and cultural contradictions in the society nowadays, women and men now enjoy more freedom to choose what they want to do to attain a balance between family and work, autonomy and commitment. To help with the transformation, more family-friendly elements should be added to the society and in the workplace to help women and men to strive for their success in both their careers and their families.

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay

The Importance Of Tanzania Joining International Trade Economics Essay The world has become dynamic which forces countries around the world to trade interchangeably. As any other country, Tanzania has seen the importance of joining international Trade by identifying ways and means of navigating through a viable and steady path towards competitive export-led growth for the realisation of the goal of poverty eradication. In order for Tanzania to grow it needed to increasingly engage in the global trading system and draw benefits from inclusive globalization, in particular higher economic growth and poverty reduction. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction Tanzania is situated on the east coast of Africa. Tanzania which includes the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba became independent in 1961 with a per capita GNP of US$ 210 the economy is essentially dependent on agriculture. Tanzania is one of the worlds least developed countries. From independence in 1961 Tanzania followed a socialist model of economic development. This essentially non-market approach resulted in the nationalization of businesses and industries and the collectivization of agriculture. Over time the failures of this strategy became apparent as the economy stagnated and suffered significant setbacks. Since 1985 Tanzania has implemented a series of economic reforms but progress has been inconsistent. However since 1995 the pace of reform has accelerated and Tanzania has focused on macroeconomic stabilization and fiscal reform supported by international financial institutions. Tanzanias economic performance was expected to remain strong in 2008. GDP growth for 2008 was estimated at 7.5 per cent, up from 7.2 per cent in 2007 and an improvement between 2002-2006 period when the economy grew by an average of 6.0 per cent. Recent growth has mainly been attributed to construction, tourism and mining. Economic reforms have been key growth drivers and have transformed the economy from a relatively controlled one to one that is liberalized and market-driven. Inflation has remained in single digits and averaged 5.0 per cent per annum from 2000-2006 but shot up in 2008 and is expected to edge over 9 per cent  in 2008, as a result of the globally high food and fuel prices. The current account deficit was forecast to stay at  about 13 percent of GDP due to higher imports as a result of strong economic activities and a construction boom. Tanzanias main trading partners are the European Union, Japan, India, and Kenya. Tanzanias exports are primarily agricultural commodities such as Coffee Cashew nuts Tobacco Cotton constituting the largest sectors Imported products are as follow Machinery Transportation equipment Industrial raw materials Consumer goods constitute the major portion. Because of the decrease in agricultural production during the past few years, attributable to climatic conditions, food and foodstuffs imports have increased sharply. Tanzania is a net importer of services. Dar es Salaam is the commercial capital and major sea port for Tanzania Mainland and it serves neighboring land-locked countries of Malawi, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda, as well as Eastern DRC. Other sea ports include Zanzibar, Tanga, and Mtwara.   Because of its geographical and location advantage, Dar es Salaam Port presents itself as the gateway into East and Central Africa.  Furthermore, this renders Tanzania as a logical investment destination for investors. This indicates clearly that Tanzania can participate well in trade activities by integrating with other African Countries. 2.0 Statement of the Problem Tanzania Integration with Africa Trade Policy Framework 3.0 Objectives of the Study The objectives of the study are as follows: To indicate how Tanzania can integrate with African countries to be able to facilitate International Trade. To determine the major issues that can be improved to make Tanzania becoming the web of Africa in International Trade. African Trade Policy Framework Country firms are supposed to compete based on static comparative advantages, and free trade maximizes both national and international welfare. Perfect competition is assumed, market failures do not exist, and trade serves no other purpose other than that of efficient exchange of goods and services to maximize individual and collective welfare. In this world, the pattern of trade would be determined entirely by comparative costs whereby the most efficient producers would supply the worlds requirements and the market mechanism would be the sole determinant of prices. If free trade economists ruled the world, there would be no trade policy. This is because autonomous trade liberalization is unequivocally good for the liberalizing country leading ultimately to global free trade. In this world there would be no trade treaties, not trade negotiations and no World Trade Organization. Economic history shows that governments everywhere generally create and maintain distortions in the pattern of trade for reasons they consider more valid than the economists sole criterion of efficiency. Since the Second World War, trade policy has increasingly been dispersed at four major levels: By national governments Commodity-based cartels Regional blocks Multilateral institutions Often the politics of policy designs pulls in opposite directions. For example, while the multilateral arrangements (various General Agreements on Trade and Tariffs, GATT; and the recent World Trade Organization, WTO, rules) as well as the prescriptions under the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) by the World Bank and the IMF push hard towards free trade regimes, national politics often opts for protectionism. While multilateral rules via WTO encourage negotiated but complete liberalization, regional and national pressures are towards preferential and selective liberalization. What often emerges as the trade policies for individual countries are often the result of a balance (contestation) of power among the competing power blocks domestic politics due to interest group pressure versus external demands tied to external obligations to regional arrangements and international institutions. The policy content, in recognition of the tension, tries to marry both the economic and poli tical arguments. Trade policy in Africa has been no exception to these tensions between economics and politics. Though with differences in scope and intensity, trade policies in most African countries have generally followed a discernible pattern marked by the prevalence of restrictions on trade. Tanzania Trade Policy Framework Policy is a statement of intent for achieving an objective. Deliberate statement aimed at achieving specific objective policies are formulated by the Government in order to provide a guideline in attaining certain objectives for the benefit of the people VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF TRADE POLICY This trade policy responds to and builds upon the internal economic reforms that have been under implementation since the mid 1980s, and to unfolding events in the international economic scene. These developments call for a systematic and consistent approach in the application and use of trade policy instruments in the process of building a competitive economy and striving for higher rates of growth. From the internal perspective, the policy draws upon the primary goal of the National Development Vision 2025, emphasising on poverty reduction and its ultimate eradication. In order to address the problem of poverty, it is necessary to attain and sustain a minimum GDP growth rate of 7% which in turn requires a minimum rate of 14% for trade growth. This highlights the importance of the international dimension in trade expansion strategies. Hence, from the international perspective, the policy draws upon unfolding changes in the MTS and emerging opportunities which can contribute immensely to the process of attaining and sustaining the high rates of economic growth that underpin strategies for poverty eradication. 3.1 TRADE POLICY VISION The role of the trade sector towards the realization of the national goal of poverty eradication will be attained through the structural transformation of the economy and enhanced productivity that will in turn contribute to the process of international competitiveness and lead to rapid economic growth. Vision is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to transform the economy from a supply constrained one into a competitive export-led entity responsive to enhanced domestic integration and wider participation in the global economy through national trade liberalization. 3.2 MISSION Trade is not an end in itself but a means for achieving higher welfare to society, than would be possible without trade. The function of the trade sector, therefore, is to integrate the Tanzanian economy into the global economy through trade. This entails structural transformation of the national economy, and product/market diversification. Indeed, to sustain an economic growth rate above the 7% necessary for the achievement of the goals of National Development Vision 2025 depends on developing a modern export-led economy. High volumes of exports are necessary to achieve the goals of Vision 2025. Sustaining a high growth rate is a necessary but not sufficient condition for poverty eradication. Growth has to be complemented by broad-based equal opportunity of access to the primary assets of production land, education and finance for such growth to be translated into poverty eradication. The mission of the trade sector is therefore to: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulate the development and gro wth of trade through enhancing competitiveness aiming at rapid socio-economic development. OBJECTIVES In accordance with the National Development Vision 2025, the goal of trade policy is that of raising efficiency and widening linkages in domestic production and building a diversified competitive export sector as the means of stimulating higher rates of growth and development. Five specific objectives emanate from and reflect this goal. The first specific objective is to stimulate a process of trade development as the means of triggering higher performance and capacity to withstand intensifying competition within the domestic market. This includes the establishment of improved physical market-place infrastructure and stimulating dissemination of market information and increasing access to the market. The second objective involves economic transformation towards an integrated, diversified and competitive entity capable of participating effectively in the MTS. The third objective entails the stimulation and encouragement of value-adding activities on primary exports as a means of increasing national earnings and income flows even on the basis of existing output levels. Fourth is the stimulation of investment flows into export oriented areas in which Tanzania has comparative advantages as a strategy for inducing the introduction of technology and innovation into production systems as the basis for economic competitiveness. The fifth objective is the attainment and maintenance of long-term current account balance and balance of payments through effective utilization of complementarities in regional and international trading arrangements as a means of increasing exports combined with initiatives for higher efficiency in the utilization of imports. The ultimate target is to enhance income generation and the peoples meaning power at the grass-roots level as the key to poverty reduction in fulfillment of the fundamental human right of equal opportunity for all citizens as enshrined in the constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania. CONSTRAINTS AND CHALLENGES FOR TRADE POLICY Tanzanias trade performance within a shrinking domestic market, in an increasingly liberalising economy that is converging with a deepening global market, is a source of concern. The essence of impediments against the growth and expansion of Tanzanian trade flow lies in supply-side constraints. The success of the envisaged trade development strategies depends on prioritising the implementation of measures addressing the totality of supply-side constraints. These constraints extend across the entire commodity/product value chains from production through processing and delivery to the consumer and encompass the full range of supporting services involved From the perspective of globalisation the same constraints assume the feature of two fundamental requirements: the need for raising the private sectors capacity to compete; and ensuring that benefits from the unfolding opportunities are accessible to broader segments of the society. Successful resolution of these demanding multidimensional constraints depends on prior determination of fundamental premises underpinning the development of production capacities including increasing access to the means of production and inherent challenges. The major fundamental premises and challenges include: establishing and sustaining an enabling business environment; development of hard and soft infrastructure; building capacity for market supporting institutions; creating the internal ability to participate in and influence changes in the world trading system; and promotion of private sector development in the context of supply-side capacity. ENABLING POLICY ENVIRONMENT The fundamental role of government is in providing the enabling policy environment that will facilitate the private sector in becoming the engine of economic activity and growth through efficiency and better performance. The Tanzanian Government is already implementing a policy entailing its withdrawal from direct involvement in economic activity to facilitate channelling of its resources in the conventional area of establishing and maintaining a conducive and enabling policy environment. Four categories of measures are involved in the process of creating an enabling environment: good governance; stability of the macro-economic framework; legal and regulatory framework reforms; and efficient economic regulation and competition policy. Good Governance Constraints and Challenges Good governance is a pre-condition for development entailing the existence of a combination of tangible and intangible attributes and functions of the government machinery. The intangible attributes refer to the well functioning of the state coupled with the institutional capacity to: maintain peace, law and order; create an atmosphere of tranquillity and confidence for investment; ensure individual liberty and equality before the law; ensure security of property and fair delivery of commercial justice; and provide adequate checks and balances in the exercise of power including transparency and predictability in public decision-making. For example the ongoing socio-political and economic reforms including broadening popular participation of the people in economic and political processes, and entrenching security of people are intended to enhance good governance. Likewise, major public and private sector investments in social and physical infrastructure aim at strengthening the capacity for efficient delivery of services necessary for competitive economic activities. However, its efficiency is hampered by a weak institutional framework for enforcement and execution. Strategy The Government is continuing with the implementation of measures aimed at strengthening its capacity to maintain good governance as its cardinal mandate including promotion of self-regulation through introduction of codes of conduct. Other measures will include extensive public awareness campaigns and moral persuasion targeting public and private sector active involvement and participation in good governance. Macro-economic Policy Environment Constraints and Challenges One of the prerogatives for attaining and sustaining high rates of economic growth is the establishment of an attractive, stable and predictable macro-economic environment for increased flow of investment and trade. This rests on the implementation of appropriate monetary and fiscal policies such as lowering and controlling inflation and the stabilization of interest and exchange rate Also it requires increased liberalisation of the operations of the financial, commodity and labour markets. In the sociopolitical sphere the observance of good governance, maintenance of peace, the rule of law and enhanced efficiency in the delivery of goods and services are of paramount importance. Strategy The Government will continue with the implementation of measures aimed at sustaining a conducive macroeconomic policy environment in its entirety as the basic condition for stimulating economic growth through increased investment and trade expansion. The Government will continue to strengthen its institutional and supervisory capacity for this purpose. This entails building a national consensus on the direction of fundamental macro economic policy variables combined with a deliberate change in the culture of government service towards increasing responsiveness to the needs of the business community. Legal and Regulatory Framework Constraints and Challenges The establishment of an enabling business environment entails a process of continuous adjustment of the legal and regulatory framework impacting on the performance of the business sector. Despite economic reforms sustained since the mid-eighties, there are still residual impediments that lead to high transaction costs. This discourages the inflow of foreign and domestic investment and hinders efficient trade sector performance. The envisaged legal and regulatory reforms seek to lower transaction costs, enhance business compliance and improve efficiency and competitiveness. The ultimate objective of legal and regulatory reforms is to protect the interests of consumers through enhancing the capacity of government institutions to perform their regulatory functions efficiently and by maintaining regulations only where they are necessary for this objective. Strategy The Government is expediting measures to stimulate international competitiveness through: (a) Reduction of unnecessary bureaucratic procedures that lead to high transaction costs for the business sector; (b) Facilitating and encouraging the development of private sector capacity to participate more effectively in the process of better regulation through public-private sector partnerships and improved advocacy. (c) Expediting the establishment of market-supporting institutions in the area of better regulation to ensure co-ordinated legal and regulatory reforms and improvement of commercial justice delivery. Economic Regulation and Competition Policy Constraints and Challenges Competition policy addresses the problem of concentration of economic power that can arise from market imperfections, monopolistic behavior in economic activities and consequent restrictive business practices. Restrictive business practices primarily affect the consumer through either higher prices and unacceptable quality standards or limitations on the availability of goods and services. Competition policy aims at perpetuating freedom of trade, freedom of choice and access to markets. Competition law is a component of competition policy prohibiting firms from engaging in anti-competitive behavior and abuse of dominant market position. The ultimate objective of economic regulation and competition policy is to protect the consumer through control of monopoly behavior on the part of producers. Tanzania has enacted three laws to govern competition and regulation of economic activity: the Fair Trade Practices Act of 1994; the Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Act (EWURA) of 2001 and the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Act (SUMATRA) of 2001. The SUMATRA Act also amends the Fair Trade Practices Act to establish the Fair Competition Commission (FCC) in place of the Fair Trade Practices Bureau. The mandate of these Acts is limited to the regulation of natural monopolies in the utilities and communications sectors and does not cover activities in the social and economic sectors. Strategy The Government is expediting the implementation of Competition law under the co-ordination of the FCC and related regulatory institutions and promotes consumer protection through broad-based public awareness on consumers rights and obligations. Human Skills Development Constraints and Challenges The concept of human capital as a major factor of production is increasingly assuming importance. The development of human capital from the perspective of developing economies entails focusing on four factors: basic nutrition, education, health and protection against economic vulnerability. The level of access to formal education and technical skills in leading sectors is the determinant factor in human skills development. A relatively high level of education to a large segment of the population and good training in the different aspects of the economic environment and the trade development function are the prerequisites for a successful trade regime. The experience of the Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) shows that the process of economic transformation was underlined by quality universal primary education, enrolment ratios higher than 25 per cent in secondary education and an average of 10 per cent enrolment ratio in tertiary and university education. Data for Tanzania indicates the magnitude of the task involved in the education sector in terms of raising the scope and outreach of secondary and university education to levels necessary for the realization of the goals of Vision 2025. For instance, at 6% the ratio of secondary school enrolment is the lowest in SSA. Performance in skills development and extension services has also remained below expectations and requirements with respect to production practices in key sectors particularly agriculture, tourism and small-scale mining. The level of skills is relatively low compared to other regional economies due to low enrolment ratios in formal education at the secondary and tertiary levels and curtailed training in production and value-adding activities for workers in key economic sectors. The pace of economic transformation in Tanzania depends on the rate at which society can absorb and assimilate modern production skills and technologies in areas where the nation has advantages in resource endowments. The importance of education and skills is crucial to the perception of technology as they encompassing better production and delivery techniques and practices rather than mechanization. At the sametime the legal framework prevailing in the labour sector contributes to the pace of development of an adequate pool of skilled labour. Existing labour laws retain the tendencies of a command economy characterized by lack of flexibility in hiring practices and over-protection of employees, and limited linkage between performance and remuneration. The daunting task of expansion of the outreach of the education sector in Tanzania is highly constrained by the implications of demographic features including the concept of demographic transition and the incidence of HIV/AIDs. Demographic transition refers to the rate of change of the rates of birth and death. The essence of the concept is that developing countries experience rapid population growth and changes in its dependency ratio. While the death rate has been declining, the rate of birth has been rising resulting in the increase in the dependency ratio. HIV/AIDS has become a major health problem as well as a serious impediment to socio-economic development through its impact in the reduction of the active labour force, in particular the human capital that underpins economic transformation, higher productivity and competitiveness. Strategies Education: With respect to education, the Government had planned to raise primary education enrolment ratio to 85% by the end of 2002 and increase the rate of transition from primary to secondary education from 15% prevailing since 1998 to 20% by 2003. Emphasis had been placed on training in business education and entrepreneurship at various levels of the education system. This thrust and tempo will be maintained in the medium and long term as a strategy to bridge the gap in the outreach of the national education system. Training: With regard to skills development and production techniques top priority will be accorded to extension services for agronomic and animal husbandry practices in agriculture where the highest potential for growth based on wide linkages across sectors prevail. This will include promotion of irrigation based on traditional and modern practices and mechanized farming as far as possible. The Government will also initiate measures to introduce better packaging and delivery practices in direct response to market expectations and demands. The Government will take measures to contribute to market linkage programmes that aim at stimulating trade development through product and market diversification based on introduction of new product and new processes for value-adding activities. Labour laws: The Government is reviewing prevailing labour laws and regulations to induce the evolution of labour practices that conform to market practices that link merit, efficiency and productivity to rewards and flexibility in employment to reflect the principles of free entry and exit into industry. Labour law reforms will adhere to obligations from the International Labour Organisation. The Government will implement social sector policies aimed at the development of human capital through creation of a large pool of trained and trainable labour force as the base of structural transformation of the economy. HIV/AIDS: The government will implement a broad-based strategy of raising awareness on the scourge of HIV/AIDS and the incidence of demographic transition and encourage change in social behavioral patterns. Towards this end, emphasis will be placed on the instruments of moral persuasion and social responsibility based on accountability and self-determination rather than laxity and social permissiveness as the key to stimulating change in cultural patterns, attitudes and habits. Finally increasing accessibility to income generating activities for socially vulnerable groups will be one of the pillars to address the problem. Private Sector Development: The private sector is now formally recognized and accepted as the producer of goods and lead provider of services for the domestic and export markets and consequently the leading employer and primary vehicle for poverty eradication. The thrust of socio-economic reforms undertaken since 1995 highlights the determination to build a vibrant private sector for this purpose. Strategy The Government is developing a Private Sector Development Strategy (PSDS) to ensure broad-based and inclusive participation in production and trade and will expedite its adoption and implementation. The strategy entails the establishment of an enabling business environment through better regulation; increased private sector access to capital including titled-land, education, skills and entrepreneurship as well as provision of business support services in management, production and marketing. Institutional Capacity Building Institutional capacity building amongst the key public and private sector stakeholders in the trade policy process is the key to successful implementation. Performance in public institutions, including the Ministry of Industry and Trade (MIT) and its supporting agencies, and in business sector associations that serve the private sector, such as the Tanzania Private Sector Foundation (TPSF), Confederation of Tanzania Industry (CTI) and Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA), reflects major cultural and operational weaknesses, often associated with the mind-set. These include lack of proactive initiative in identifying and addressing problems, low analytical capacity, low commitment to work and poor co-ordination. There is evidence of lack of appropriate experience to amend or repeal obsolete laws and make better and simpler regulations to facilitate enforcement on the part of the public sector, and lack of analytical capacity to advocate for requisite change on the part of the private sector. Strategy The Government will undertake capacity building needs assessment to identify institutional complementarities and gaps. Priority will be accorded to private sector capacity for analysis and advocacy in influencing policy formulation and implementation. Twinning of indigenous institutions with overseas counterparts will be explored and utilized to facilitate rapid movement along the learning curve. Transformation of Production Capacity Agriculture remains the backbone of the Tanzanian economy with over 80 per cent of the population dependent on this sector. It remains a source of employment to 75 per cent of the population, contributing 50 per cent to GDP and about 70 per cent of export earnings. Leaving the economy dependent on traditional agriculture, which in turn is dependent on the whims of nature and fluctuating terms of trade, makes the path of development unstable and unpredictable. Success of this trade strategy in the context of the goal of Vision 2025 depends on strategies for the transformation of agriculture. The revival of the agricultural sector is constrained by lack of support to facilitate technology diffusion for modern agronomic practices to raise productivity and slow response by foreign investment culminating in stagnation in the development of the private sector and agribusiness. Specific constraints include: limited access to extension services, inputs and credit facilities necessary to stimulate product diversification; weak market linkages due to poor infrastructure; and lack of market knowledge and information necessary to facilitate market diversification. There is need to modernize production practices in the designated lead sectors of mining and tourism and other priority sectors such as industry and transit trade. Such modernization depends on application of modern technology on the national resource base. Enhancing competitive value-adding capacity in these sectors is the key to transformation of economic activity. Strategy The Government will prioritise measures for agricultural transformation through implementing the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) of 2001. One priority aspect is to ensure a net-inflow of resources into the sector to facilitate transformation of production technologies through wider research and dissemination of research results and better extension services. The government will also encourage investments in commercial farming and agro-processing industries as growth poles of the sector through out-grower and contract farming schemes and other market linkage relationships. Other measures include the promotion of industrialization through investment in Export Processing Zones (EPZs) and Industrial Parks. The Government will also encourage the channelling of investment resources to non-traditional sectors, in particular

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Hero of Epic Proportions :: Epic of Beowulf Essay

Beowulf - Hero of Epic Proportions Beowulf is â€Å"the strongest of the Geats -- greater / and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world† (ll.110-111). Even though he is famous for his massive strength, Beowulf has other attributes that are noticeable other than his strength. These attributes, arrogance, bravery, and a strong love for his people are what make Beowulf become such a powerful, epic hero. Beowulf is arrogant. He constantly brags about his supreme strength. The â€Å"strongest man alive† lets people know that he is the most powerful person around by saying, â€Å"no strength is a match for mine† (l.267). Beowulf does not think that he could ever be destroyed by anything. He obviously never questiones how his fighting ability would be when he was around seventy. Since Beowulf is convinced that God is watching over him, his ego makes him act as if he is invincible, because of the idea that he has a guardian angel. But, as Beowulf gets older, wiser, and fights in more battles he should realize that there was a possibility that he can die. Beowulf also boasts about his many battles, and is proud of himself for winning all of them. One of these triumphs is the battle in the water when he meets up with nine sea monsters which he killeds, and fights with a monster that is digging its jaws into Beowulf’s flesh. Beowulf proclaims that â€Å" I fought that beast’s last battle, / left it floating in the sea† (ll.290-291). This epic tale reads that while Beowulf is in battle with Grendel’s mother, all he cares was about the fame he would get for defeating her. Unferth thinks that Beowulf was arrogant, by saying, â€Å" You’re Beowulf, are you the same / Boastful fool who fought a swimming / Match with Brecca† (ll.239-241). Yes, Beowulf is a boastful fool that loves the attention that his strength gives him. A strong man and an arrogant one, Beowulf is also brave. Even after all of the horror stories that he hears about Grendel, he still fights the cursed beast without any hesitation. When he battles with Grendel, he does it without the things that everyone else would use--weapons. This shows that Beowulf is not scared of anything in the world. He also must be brave to fight a sea monster after swimming in the ocean for days. He went straight into battle exhausted, from the strenuous journey across the ocean.

Cleopatra Essay examples -- essays research papers

Cleopatra Vll was born in 69 BC, in Alexandria, Egypt. Despite what people say today, that she was glamorous and beautiful, she was far from it. She is shown on ancient coins with a long hooked nose and masculine features. Although she was not beautiful she was clearly a very seductive woman, and she used this to further Egypt politically. She had a beautiful musical voice. It is also said that she was highly intelligent. She spoke nine different languages, and she was the first Ptolemy pharaoh who could actually spoke Egyptian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She ascended the Egyptian throne after her father, Ptolemy Xll Auletes died in 51 BC. Cleopatra which was seventeen at the time and her brother Ptolemy Xlll, which was twelve, were married because of the terms of her fathers will. They then ruled Egypt together. In the third year of their reign Ptolemy’s advisers told him that he should rule Egypt by himself. So, because of this he drove Cleopatra into exile. Cleopatra then escaped to Syria. She then returned with an army. Ptolemy sent an army to meet with her. At this point, Julius Caesar of Rome arrived in pursuit of an enemy, who was seeking help from Ptolemy. Cleopatra had to roll herself up in a rug so that she wouldn’t get killed while entering Egypt. If she hadn’t hidden herself she would have been killed. When she unrolled herself in front of Caesar he fell in love with her right away.Caesar had to choose which of the Egyptian rulers to help keep the throne. Of course he chose Cleopatr a. He then became Cleopatra’s lover. In 47 BC Ptolemy Xlll drowned in the Nile while trying to escape, and Caesar then restored Cleopatra to her throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After her older brother Ptolemy Xlll was died, Cleopatra was then forced by custom to marry her youngest brother Ptolemy XlV, which was about eleven at the time. After Cleopatra and Ptolemy XlV were settled on their joint government basis, she and Caesar went on a two-month cruise on the Nile. It is said that it was then she became pregnant, and she later gave birth to a son. His name was officially Ptolemy XV Caesar, but he was popularly called Caesarion, which means â€Å"Little Caesar†. People say that Caesar was not really the father of Caesarion. Although the child strongly resembled Caesar, and so Caesar acknowledged him as his son. After the cruise Caesar then went back to Rome ... ... Cleopatra to arrange Antony's funeral. After the funeral she took to her bed, sick with grief. She wanted to kill herself, but Octavian kept her under close guard. One day he visited her and she flung herself at his feet, nearly naked, and told him she wanted to live. With Octavian's permission she visited Antony's tomb. Then she returned to her mausoleum, took a bath, and ordered a feast. While the meal was being prepared a man arrived at her monument with a basket of figs. The guards checked the basket and found nothing suspicious, so they allowed the man to give the basket of figs to Cleopatra. After she had eaten, Cleopatra wrote a letter, sealed it, and sent it to Octavian. He opened it and found Cleopatra's plea that he would allow her to be buried in Antony's tomb. Alarmed, Octavian sent messengers to alert her guards that Cleopatra planned to commit suicide. But it was too late. They found the 39-year old queen dead on her golden bed, with her maid Iras dying at her feet. Two pricks were found on Cleopatra's arm, and it was believed that she had allowed herself to be bitten by an asp that was smuggled in with the figs. As she had wished, she was buried beside Antony.

Restaurant Management Essay -- Running Restaurant Managing Essays

Restaurant Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Running a restaurant can be one of the most stressful jobs as well as the most fun and rewarding jobs. If the manager is a good leader with excellent leadership skills and has great followers the restaurant will be rewarded. If not the restaurant will plummet in sales and no one will be pleased. While developing a business. staff is important to running a successful restaurant, it is also essential that management focus on its public relations as well as its sales and marketing strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Staff developing is vital for restaurants to run smoothly. A restaurant is composed of two sectors; a Front of House (FOH) and theirs a Back of House (BOH). The front of the house is what is visible to the customers? eye. Customers can not see the back of the house. Back of the house is where cooks prepare the food and where the dishwasher is located. Manager Brian Aycock explained that if a manager develops his staff, it makes the restaurant run smooth. The store will profit, the employees and the guest will be satisfied (Aycock). If the staff is not getting along, a lot of tension will grow inside the restaurant and co-workers will not work with one another as a team. In return the customers will not be happy and the profit will not be as desirable. When customers are not happy with the visit they had at the restaurant, they will then spread the word to all their friends.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each staff member of the restaurant should have nice and clean hygiene along with good manners. Having good hygiene is very important whether an employee is waiting tables, washing dishes, or cooking. If an employee does not shower friction will start to grow between the staff and no one would like to work or even be around that employee. Working in the food service industry with overgrown nails or dirty nails is against the health code and could contaminate the food being prepared by the employee. Being around a customer with bad hygiene could possibly hinder the customer from having a memorable time at the restaurant. Having good manners is also mandatory for every staff member so that no problems can surface between the staff and customers. Steve Marchetti explained that each employee are to meet the minimal standards set forth in the employee handbook and also deliver on the company?s commitment to their customers (Marchetti). A restaurants commitment... ...ded once they see that the sales will be increasing and tips will be larger. Good staff will increase good public relations which will result in better business. Marketing a restaurant is the most important part in running a restaurant. If a restaurant is not marketed, no one will know about the restaurant causing it to lose money to operate forcing it to close down. Prices on the menu should always be appealing to the restaurant target market and set towards the products on the menu. It is essential that a restaurant develops its staff to the fullest, for a strong staff creates better sales and the public is pleased .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Aycock, Brian. Restaurant Management. Wilmington, NC. 10 February 2005. Marchetti, Steve. Restaurant Management. Wilmington, NC. 9 February 2005. Marketing Strategy. Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, INC. 24   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  January 2005, . Stone, Bob. Successful Direct Marketing Methods. Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC Business   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Books, 1989. The Sample Business Plan. Kundo Inc. 27 January 2005.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  . Wasserman, Michael. 15 Techniques When Dealing With Customers. My Success Company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 January 2005. .

Online gambling and social responsibility Essay

The Gaming Industry does not escape as any other industry in acting responsibly and being sensible to the society in which it operates. Since the early 50s and 60s when the gaming industry was targeted and tagged as one controlled by criminals, and as cited earlier in this paper, the industry has been regulated constantly to prevent customers to be the target and profit and limit the expansion of the gambling criminal activities. But with the constant regulatory eye of the government, how can’t the gaming industry act as any other where the main purpose of business activity is the creation of profits? In an attempt to portray the main and traditional intention of a business, Cavico explains that a corporation main purpose in our society is the profitable production and distribution of goods and services (Cavico, 2009). In fact, that is how corporations invest money in a business opportunity to create profits, and gradually based on the market and business condition, look for an expansion of their operations in the search for more opportunities and profits. The online gaming industry, domestic or international, has this intent as their main purpose of existence. Exploring the social responsible side of corporations, John Bussey in a Wall Street Journal article, introduces a justification why companies would benefit from adopting the social responsible side, by mentioning Starbucks’s CEO, Howard Schultz in promoting corporate social responsibility in companies. Also, the article also compares Mr. Schultz’s viewpoint with Milton Friedman’s position. Mr. Friedman said that â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game. † However, Mr. Schultz’s corporate social responsible movement states in contrast that â€Å"companies that hold on to the old-school, singular view of limiting their responsibilities to making a profit will not only discover it is a shallow goal, but an unsustainable one,† and added that â€Å"values increasingly drive consumer and employee loyalties. Money and talent will follow those companies whose values are compatible. â€Å"(Bussey, 2011). With this context in mind, Milton Friedman, in a New York Times article, explains eloquently the role of government and elected representatives are the ones providing all rules, regulations and environment necessary for a responsible and welfare of the society, and concludes that by political principle, this is the main domain of government and not corporations (Friedman, 1970). Thus, how can the Online Gaming industry take advantage of the gambling status quo and be socially responsible, improve acceptance of society, and in return expands their business activities online? The gaming industry has been limited to ground operations based primarily on the fact that they have already impacted vulnerable customers in our society. Several aspects such as financial instability, emotional and psychological impact, and addiction to both gambling and internet use, are the negative factors to consider in the public forum and discussion for internet gambling acceptance in our society (Griffits, 2002). Many medical studies revealed how customers are socially, psychologically and economically impacted by the persistent side effects of online gaming and what how the medical community defines this type of addiction risk as pathological gambling (Harvard Health, 2004). Pathological gambling as disorder presents in addicts preoccupation of past, present and future, need to increase wagers, repeated unsuccessful efforts to stop or cut back, escape from every day problems, restlessness, committing illegal acts to finance gambling, lying, losing or jeopardizing careers or family relationships, and/or requesting gifts or loans to pay gambling debts (Harvard Health, 2004). With this context, gambling customers are exposed to either initiate these behaviors, continue with their present trends, or making them worse in the future without adequate education and/or professional counseling. To make matters worse, the technology diversification found on intelligent mobile devices such as intelligent phones and tablets, besides computers at home, are an open channel for many individuals to internet gambling (Griffits, 2002). With the recent trend of extensively social networks use, the elevated impact of texting or posting comments anytime and anywhere, and the serious accidents seen in recent years, lawmakers will see very difficult to work with both sides: either advocating the main purpose of online gambling on the merely entertainment business grounds, and thereforerelaxing their current   limitations and prohibition, or to promote the prohibition of the such business operation medium. Still in this background, the recent mobile technology diversification and the potential increase of compulsive behaviors mentioned above, will make matter worse to build a positive case for this industry. In response to create awareness among operators, regulators and the public of the potential problem that internet gambling represents, the National Council on Problem Gaming, an organization founded in 1972 as a non-partisan, non-profit organization that is neutral on legalized gambling, advocates for programs and services to assist problem gamblers and their families, published in April 2012 an Internet Responsible Gaming Standards. The document available at ncpgambling. org shows a summary of recommendations to nationally advocate programs and services to help problem gamblers and their families (National Council 2012). The NCPG is one of the many initiatives found domestically to provide support to Internet gambling addicts and promote awareness. Other organizations such as the Gamblers Anonymous (gamblersanonymous. org) and National Center for Responsible Gaming (ncrg. org) are among non-profit organizations dedicated to assist, advocate and promote responsible gaming practices and the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for gambling disorders among all legislators, regulators, researchers, treatment professionals, industry representatives and informed citizens. On the consumer side, and according to the American Gaming Association (AGA) website, while current U. S. laws prevent the use of betting on online sites which are mostly based overseas, American consumers feel that both technology and times have changed, and the internet gambling option is something that should be passed by congress. Presently, consumers are exposed to either prosecution by federal authorities, or to the mercy of overseas gaming companies out of the jurisdiction of U. S.authorities, making this more difficult and risky (AGA 2012). Viewing the aspect of social responsibility from a different angle, other industries found beneficial exploring and integrating the corporate social responsibility (CSR) aspect to the point that is now incorporated as part of the daily business activities. The interest and move for being a CSR company follows, as Cavico states, that a corporation cannot sustain economic viability in an even, unstable and deteriorating society. In some examples portrayed by Cavico, Google efforts to combat poverty, Starbucks assisting growers in developing countries, and Microsoft supporting the fight to obesity among employees, are some examples of the efforts companies employed to be more appealing to the cause of social responsibility (Cavico 2009). Being attractive has two other focuses. Number one, gain better public image with society and consumers, and number two, improve attraction to investors who are looking for environmentally responsible companies. For example, Starbucks customers are more sympathetic to consume coffee knowing that it comes from a fair certified grower. At the same time, Starbucks improves and changes the marketing strategy, makes themselves more appealing to socially minded investors (Cavico, 2009). Within the same context used by other companies, currently gambling corporations follow the same concept of the CSR entity with the assistance of the American Gaming Association (AGA, americangaming. org). Each company that is listed under the AGA website lists their own efforts to be more socially responsible providing programs at employee levels, support the National Council for Responsible Gambling and promote responsible gambling through websites. However, each one follows in this respect the same rhetoric of cooperating or supporting an organization, but there are no references to case studies, or links explaining the success in other areas such as schools or universities, or expanding the actual work of being a CSR company that cares about their customers and society, failing to make a stronger case in search of acceptance and informing the society. In contrast, Google provides in their corporate page detailed information for each assisting program the company is involved domestically and internationally. The authors believe that here is where the industry can make a major case and effort to improve their future expansion into the online arena. It is certain that corporations in general are under the scrutiny of two entities. First, society in general who looks for these organizations to be corporate socially responsible, and recognized as major driver providing work opportunities in several areas of the country. Also, divulging that part of their current CSR efforts are producing results by means of improvement in areas of concern such as education, income and health. Second, the company, by promoting their CSR efforts and results, will become more attractive to conscious investors who are looking for CSR companies with excellent CSR results investing their profits in those communities where they operate. Finally, the authors believe that the internet gambling industry has a good opportunity to remove old labels as threats to society by lessening the potential impact in society with addiction and other illegal activities related, and to build and expand their CSR plans to move into the direction other companies enjoy with the public opinion. This industry has the capacity and capability to deliver a strong case that online gaming is another entertainment activity, and that it will act socially responsible, not only giving back to their communities, but also operating in thorough and healthy regulatory environment. Most importantly, the industry can take advantage that the 21st century American society is more open to accept the industry if it displays results back in the search of a case for their future domestic online service. References Cavico, Frank J. , and Bahaudin G. Mujtaba.Business Ethics: The Moral Foundation of Effective Leadership, Management, and Entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2009. 12, 162-169 Friedman, Milton (1970). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits. New York Times. Retrieved from ttp://www. colorado. edu/studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-soc-resp-business. html. Accessed on 2 September 2012. Bussey, John (October 2011). Are Companies Responsible for Creating Jobs? Wall Street Journal (Online), pp. n/a-n/a. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052970204505304577001930473006096.html? mod=WSJ_business_LeftSecondHighlights. Accessed on 2 September 2012. Griffits, Mark D. and Parke, Jonathan (2002) The Social Impact of Internet Gambling. Nothingham Trent University, Department of Political Science. Retrieved from http://www. eou. edu/~jdense/griffithsparke. pdf. Accessed on 06 August 2012. Harvard Health Publications, Harvard Mental Health (March 2004). Problem Gambling. Retrieved from http://www. health. harvard. edu/newsweek/Problem_gambling. htm. Accessed on 24 August 2012. National Council on Responsible Gambling (2012). Public Education and Outreach. Retrieved from.

Should the United States Adopt the Metric System

Should the United States Adopt the Metric System? Donielle Allen NCSU Maths 103 Ms. Blackman June 29, 2010 Abstract This paper is to inform my readers on the question â€Å"Should the United States Adopt the Metric System? † In this paper you will see the difference between the US and the Metric System. You will also see how easier it is the go with the Metric System instead of the US System. The Metric System makes life easier for everyone.I think the United States should adopt the Metric System, because nearly every other major country in the world uses it as their primary system of measurements of distance, volume, temperature, energy and so forth. It is comparatively simple to make conversion in the Metric System as the system was designed for making conversions. It will greatly simplify life for us students when we have only to learn that a kilometer is 1000 meters instead of learning that a mile is 5280 feet.The Metric System would not only simplify life for us students, it will also simplify life for Scientist and engineers, making their computations less error prone and consequently, the products better and cheaper. The question is always been asked, why not use the US System instead of switching to the Metric System. But it is always known that the Metric System is better. To compare both systems here, I will list all English Imperial units in use, and all SI units describing the same range of the same physical quantities. These are: Length, area, volume, mass, force, pressure, energy, power and temperature.For a fair comparison, we omit those SI units which are commonly used in both systems, like second, ampere, volt, ohm etc. To measure the above mentioned quantities in the English Imperial system, all the following units can occur: * Length: inch, foot, yard, mile, fathom, rod, furlong, league, mil, pole, perch, hand, link, chain * Area: square inch, square foot, square yard, acre, square mile, township, square fathom, square rod, square furl ong, square league, square mil, square pole, square perch, square hand, square link, square chain. Volume: gallon, liquid quart, dry quart, liquid pint, dry pint, fluid ounce, teaspoon, tablespoon, minim, fluid dram, gill, peck, bushel, cubic inch, cubic foot, cubic yard, cubic fathom, cubic rod, cubic furlong, cubic mile, cubic league, cubic mil, cubic pole, cubic perch, cubic hand, cubic link, cubic chain.* Mass: pound, apoth. pound, ounce, apoth. ounce, dram, apoth. dram, grain, spoth. scruple, pennyweight, short hundredweight, long hundredweight, short ton, long ton. * Force: pound, ton. Pressure: pounds per square inch, pounds per square foot, pounds per square yard, pounds per acre, pounds per square mile, pounds per township, pounds per square fathom, pounds per square rod, pounds per square furlong, pounds per square league, pounds per square mil, pounds per square pole, pounds per square perch, pounds per square hand, pounds per square link, pounds per square chain, tons pe r square inch, tons per square foot, tons per square yard, tons per acre, tons per square mile, tons per township, tons per square fathom, tons per square rod, tons per square furlong, tons per square league, tons per square mil, tons per square pole, tons per square perch, tons per square hand, tons per square link, tons per square chain. Energy: calorie, inch-pound, foot-pound, yard-pound, mile-pound, fathom-pound, rod-pound, furlong-pound, league-pound, mil-pound, pole-pound, perch-pound, hand-pound, link-pound, chain-pound, inch-ton, foot-ton, yard-ton, mile-ton, fathom-ton, rod-ton, furlong-ton, league-ton, mil-ton, pole-ton, perch-ton, hand-ton, link-ton, chain-ton.* Power: horsepower, inch-pound per second, foot-pound per second, yard-pound per second, mile-pound per second, fathom-pound per second, rod-pound per second, furlong-pound per second, league-pound per second, mil-pound per second, pole-pound per second, perch-pound per second, hand-pound per second, link-pound per second, chain-pound per second, inch-ton per second, foot-ton per second, yard-ton per second, mile-ton per second, fathom-ton per second, rod-ton per second, furlong-ton per second, league-ton per second, mil-ton er second, pole-ton per second, perch-ton per second, hand-ton per second, link-ton per second, chain-ton per second. * Temperature: degrees Fahrenheit. To measure the same range of the same quantities in the metric system, only the following units can occur: * Length: meter * Area: square meter (are) * Volume: cubic meter (liter) * Mass: gram (metric ton) * Force: newton * Pressure: pascal * Energy: joule * Power: watt * Temperature: kelvin (degrees Celsius) Now, by looking at the list above we can all come to an agreement that the Metric System is way easier than the US System, and that the United States should adopt it. The best thing about the metric system is that it is easily divisible and convertible.Instead of having to remember that there are 12 inches in a foot, three feet in a yard, and 5280 feet to a mile, you just have to remember that there are 10 millimeters to a centimeter, 10 centimeters to a decimeter, and 10 decimeters to a meter. It is much easier to remember and much easier to convert.Reference Stans, M. (1971). Should The U. S. Approve Pending Recommendations To Adopt Officially The International Metric System? PRO. Congressional Digest, 50(12), 298. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database. The Historian, Initials. (2007, December 26). Metric system. Retrieved from http://scienceray. com/mathematics/mathematical-theory/reasons-why-the-united-states-should-adopt-the-metric-system/